The year 2000 saw the first year of the structural re-organisation
of the DIFS which now comprises two branches, those of the laboratories and field
units. Along with all the Israel Police, the DIFS experienced severe resource difficulties,
resulting in cutbacks in manpower and budget. Bearing this in mind, supreme efforts
were made in maintaining the essential infrastructure in order to keep everything
running smoothly and to answer the needs of the Israel Police in the third millennium.
Following, are some of the main activities of the division during the year:
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Preparation of groundwork in establishing a DNA database
and passing its legislation in the Knesset.
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Advances in the planning of a new DIFS complex for which
the final decision for its construction will be made in 2001.
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Decentralization of some of the DIFS services from the Jerusalem
HQ: Analytical drug laboratory in the Southern Police District
Establishment of a fifth polygraph laboratory in the Central Police District to
start operating in 2001.
Examining the possibility of establishing a further
drug lab to serve the Tel Aviv and Central Police Districts.
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Upgrading equipment with new technologies:
Improvement of the capability of the AFIS and installing a palmprint comparison
database.
Purchase and installation of an automated DNA profiling system (ABI-310).
Explosives detection and analysis equipment - GC-TEA; LC-MS; Barringer sniffer.
Installation of new analytical instrumentation for drugs and poisons - GC-MS.
FTIR with a microprobe for the examination of fibres and polymers.
Upgrading the XRF and micro-XRD in the Toolmarks and Materials lab.
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The DIFS invested great efforts in improving the professional
capabilities of the field units:
A training class was opened in Bet Dagan and a comprehensive training program introduced
for instruction and refresher courses for most field technicians.
Thirteen new and fully-equipped vehicles were added to the existing fleet; personal
safety kits were supplied; improvements were made to equipment for development of
latent fingerprints and forensic photography.
Teams were established to look closely into manpower needs of the field units and
pay bonuses for the technicians.
A new position for a DIFS psychologist was allotted.
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The excellent ties between the DIFS and other forensic science
services over the world were continued. DIFS experts participated in 20 scientific
conferences, conducted training courses and attended international discussion meetings.
Several foreign delegations visited us here at the DIFS, the most important one
being from China.
The Israel Police Commissioner has determined that the goal of the year 2001 is
to improve standards of professionalism and service in the force. In this vein,
we, in the DIFS, have taken upon ourselves three main goals for the coming year:
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Improving the service we provide to the police investigation
units; increasing the annual casework load handled by 10%; establishing caseload
priority guidelines in coordination with the field units.
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Improving the professional standard of the field technicians.
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Advancing the topics of quality assurance and safety
in the division.
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Dr.Elazar (Azi) Zadok, Brig. Gen.,
Director, D.I.F.S.
List of Laboratories
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Forensic Biology Laboratory
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Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Israel Police - National Headquarters
Derech Haim Bar-Lev
Jerusalem, 91906
Telephone: 02-5309436
Fax: 02-5309674
e-mail: biologit@netvision.net.il
Laboratory Director: Superintendent Dr. Rony Gafny
General
The Forensic Biology laboratory employs its expertise on items of evidence contaminated
by a variety of biological materials. The bulk of material tested in the lab results
from blood and semen stains, but saliva, hair samples and botanical specimens are
also analyzed.
The laboratory first identifies the source of material found on items of evidence
to be tested. If the source is of human origin, an analysis is then performed to
determine a genetic profile. This profile helps define the sample's unique characteristics,
enabling a further comparison to be carried out with reference samples from the
involved parties.
The 2000 Annual Report reflects the routine activities carried out in the laboratory,
in addition to topics of research and development. The report is divided into chapters
which summarize the day-to-day procedures upon receiving material from the field
of investigations, the assistance given to detectives and the prosecution, and other
varied activities pertaining to work in the lab.
During this year, the laboratory underwent major renovations. The outcome justified
the hardship of carrying out work under such difficult conditions. In addition to
a physical renovation, we incorporated new, up-to-date methods of analysis. These
new tests increase the weight of evidentiary proof provided to the detectives and
prosecutors handling the cases.
Statistics Regarding Cases
General Statistics:
585 cases were received during the year 2000.
An average of 49 cases were received per month.
Diagram 1 represents the number of cases received in the laboratory over the last
four years. Commencing from the middle of 1999, cases containing Cannabis seeds
were no longer routinely analyzed. This resulted in a loss of 1/5 to 1/4 of the
number of cases registered to our laboratory.
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Diagram 1 - Cases registered in the Biology Lab for
the period 1997-2000.
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Table 1 describes the distribution of cases according to the type of crime committed
(defined by the detective's accompanying letter). It is important to note that the
relative percentage of cases registered in the lab, regarding a specific type of
crime, does not necessarily reflect the percentage of these crimes registered in
the Israeli Police. The table reflects only those cases where items of evidence
were received by the lab. As seen in the table, sexual assault cases constitute
the bulk of cases.
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Table 1 - Distribution of cases according to type of
Crime.
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Crime |
No. of cases
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% |
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Murder and attempted murder
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15 |
2.6 |
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Sexual crimes
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297 |
50.8 |
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Assault and Battery Crimes
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164 |
28.0 |
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Property Crimes
|
73 |
12.5 |
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Drug Crimes
|
32 |
5.5 |
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Attacks on Live stock
|
1 |
0.2 |
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Proficiency testing
|
3 |
0.5 |
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Total |
585 |
100.1 |
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|
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Table 2 shows the distribution of required examinations as defined by the detective's
accompanying letters. As seen from the table, requests for blood and semen examinations
comprise 85% of the total. Of the two examinations, semen analysis was required
more than blood analysis. The number of yearly examinations requested exceeds the
number of cases registered in the lab, because each case may require more than one
type of examination.
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Table 2 - Distribution of Required Examinations.
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Required examination
|
No. of exam.
|
Percentage |
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Blood |
212 |
35.9 |
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Semen |
288 |
48.8 |
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Saliva |
56 |
9.5 |
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Hair |
2 |
0.3 |
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Plants |
31 |
5.3 |
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DNA |
1 |
0.2 |
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Total |
590 |
100.0 |
A notable case is one that has significance from a scientific, public or
law enforcement point of view. In as much as the majority of cases received in the
lab fit this description, only a few examples will be given. |
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DIFS file #/11 1374/00, Rishon Le'Zion. A woman was
sexually assaulted by two suspects. One suspect admitted his guilt and the other
denied all complicity. Swabs from the victim's genitals provided a genetic profile
that matched that of the second suspect. This contribution was able to definitively
link the suspect who had denied all involvement to the crime.
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DIFS file#/11 11844/00, Rosh Pinna. In an attempted
sexual assault, a genetic profile was obtained from the victim's clothing. This
profile provided a link to an additional case from the same police station from
the year 1999, in which a complaint was received for public masturbation. This connection
linked two cases where no suspects were known. This example also illustrates that
some offenders of minor sexual misconduct, may turn to worst degrees of sexual crimes,
if not apprehended. |
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DIFS file#/11 21940/00, Lod. A suspect was detained
in a rape case whose genetic profile did not match the profile defined from the
items of evidence in this particular case. The obtained profile was linked though,
to two other cases from different stations in 1999, where no suspects had been located
in those cases. The contribution in this case was two fold. Not only was a suspect
cleared from involvement in one case, but two previously unsolved cases were linked
to this one and a potential serial rapist was brought to the attention of the investigators.
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Publications |
Zamir, A., Glattstein, B. and Springer, E., (2000) Fingerprints and DNA: STR typing
of DNA extracted from Adhesive Tape after Processing for Fingerprints. Journal of
Forensic Sciences, Vol. 45 (3): 687-688.
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Zamir, A., Oz, C., Novoselsky, Y. and Klein, A. (2000) A Hit and Run Accident Solved
by a Compilation of Evidence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(4): 351-356.
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Oz, C., Zamir, A., (2000) An evaluation of the relevance of routine DNA typing of
fingernail clippings for forensic casework. Journal of Forensic Sciences,
45(1): 158-160.
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Zamir, A., Oz, C. and Geller, B. (2000) Threat mail and forensic science: DNA profiling
from items of evidence after treatment with DFO. Journal of Forensic Sciences,
45(2): 445-446.
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Oz, C. and Zamir, A. (2000) QIAamp spin columns as method of DNA isolation in the
Forensic Biology Laboratory. An Internal Report. Division of Identification and Forensic
Science.
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Shoshani, E., Oz, C., Gibritch, P., and Argemon, U. (2000) An Examination of Items
received from the Palestinian Authority. An Internal Report. Division of Identification
and Forensic Science.
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Electronics & Computer Laboratory
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Address
Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Investigation Department/ Israel Police Headquarters
Haim Bar-Lev Road
Jerusalem 91906
Israel
Tel: 972 - 2 - 5309460
Fax: 972 - 2 - 5898773
Email: mzpele@netvision.net.il
Head of laboratory: Arie Aperman, Chief Superintendent
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Aims of the laboratory:
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To develop, provide and maintain computerized tools
for various labs in D.I.F.S.
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Maintenance of scientific equipment and assistance in
the investigation unit with technical aid such as acquisition of video pictures
for digital enhancement.
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The D.I.F.S. that was previously based on a central mini-computer attached with
dumb terminals, is in stages of replacement by a new network working in the windows
environment. Applications for the variety of labs are being rewritten with an application
generator called MAGIC.
Several projects for exchanging data (mug shots, fingerprints...) between field
units and D.I.F.S. are implemented taking advantage of the new intra-police network.
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Questioned Documents Laboratory
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Israel Police
Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Questioned Documents Lab.
Telephone 972-2-530-8613
Fax 972-2-530-9676
Email: qde@netvision.net.il
Aya Schohat, Chief Superintendent,
Head, Questioned Document Laboratory.
Introduction
Description of the lab - fields of expertise
The questioned documents laboratory is responsible for the examination of all documents
- those suspected of being forged and others. The lab covers several fields:
Handwriting examination - The comparison of handwriting where the author
is not known, to handwriting exemplars of known authors, in order to verify identification
or non- identification between them. Typical documents that are examined include
cheques, credit card vouchers, bonds, letters of credit, certain banking documents,
agreements, contracts, receipts, wills, threatening letters, photographs of graffiti
etc.
Technical Examinations - identity cards, passports, diplomas, birth certificates,
driving licenses, and other examinations for determining full forgeries or erasures
and alterations; ink examinations - optically and chemically; printing methods;
typewriters; computer printers; photocopiers; rubber stamps etc.
Examination of currency (banknotes) - that are suspected of being forged.
Tuition and professional counseling regarding the areas covered by the lab.
In most cases the aim is to attain an expert statement, which becomes part of the
prosecution's evidence in court. In some cases, the lab's experts are called to
testify in court, and in cases where there is a defense witness, the lab's experts
advise the prosecution as to how to question this witness during cross examination.
Personnel - the questioned documents lab has 15 workers, most of whom are
experts in the examination of documents who were trained while working in the lab,
while others are still students. Two workers deal with the examination of banknotes.
Services - As the laboratory is the only one of its kind nationwide, it gives
services to various bodies: The Israel Police - investigation departments, district
attorneys, courts of law - and in special cases to the Israel Defense Forces and
the Security Departments, Government Offices, other external bodies in specific
cases and to private bodies in unusual cases. Sometimes a fee is taken for these
examinations.
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Statistics - Casework
A summary of statistics regarding cases examined by the lab for the year
2000 is given below, with a comparison to the total number of cases examined in
the years 1997-1999
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Subject |
02 |
03 |
05 |
06 |
Total 2000
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Total 1999
|
Total 1998
|
Total 1997
|
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Opened |
1,116 |
4 |
270 |
1,965 |
3,355 |
4,491 |
4,355 |
2,439 |
The numbers represent the files opened by the lab.
The Questioned Documents Lab has the highest number of cases in the DIFS - apart
from the analytical chemistry lab/drugs.
In the general number of files opened this year there is a decline of approximately
25% compared to 1999.
Handwriting comparison cases (02) and technical examination cases (05) have basically
remained unchanged for the year 2000 compared to 1999.
The number of cases involving the examination of currency (06) opened this year
are 33% less than in 1999, and this reduction should be taken into account with
the overall reduction in files opened for examination by the lab this year. However,
the reduction in the number of cases does not mean that there are less articles
to examine in these cases. This year we have started a biannual arrangement of cases
according to the senders' reference number and the lab's reference number. For these
cases (where there is no suspect), all the banknotes intercepted in the various
police units which are not given their own individual reference case number and
DIFS case number, are stored for half a year and then examined as one concentrated
case every six months. The amount of banknotes in each of these twice-yearly files
that are concentrated into one DIFS reference number is very high (although we do
not have actual numbers to report). Furthermore, in one DIFS file we examined six
suitcases worth of banknotes from Bank Hapoalim, amounting to approximately 1.8
million shekels (see below).
Research and Development
A new research project dealing with the comparison of handwriting
characteristics between different languages was initiated. A preliminary experiment
was performed, where the handwriting of five immigrants from Russia writing three
languages, and five Arabs writing three languages was examined. A preliminary assessment
of the results seems both interesting and promising.
An application of the MAGIC software was developed together with the electronics
lab, for the computerization of cases concerning banknotes. With entering information
from casework into the database, it will be possible to extract information more
efficiently for the investigation and intelligence departments.
Professional Advice
The lab has drawn attention to the fact that the Israel
Police does not have a central unit for the investigation of cases of banknote forgery.
As a result, a team has been formed to examine the methods of treatment of cases
of forged Israeli and foreign banknotes with the participation of representatives
from the intelligence department, the investigations division and the lab. The team
presented their recommendations to the Head of the Investigations Department, which
were then relayed to the Bank of Israel.
Participation of lab experts in many meetings with the relevant authorities, dealing
with the quality of Israeli documentation, such as passports and entrance visas.
Recommendations for improvements were given.
Participation in many meetings with the Head of the Population Administration of
the Ministry of the Interior on the subject of new identity cards, and on the subject
of documentation for foreign workers.
Examination of a draft of a government working paper for realization of a `smart
card' based national document, with suggestions from the lab on how to secure this
document against possible forgery.
Advise to the Ministry of the Interior and to the Airport Authority.
A visit by a representative of the Secret Service in the matter of forged dollars
intercepted in Israel.
Special Cases
In the Fraud Division's investigation of the State's President, a document was examined
for the comparison of handwriting between that on the document and between samplers
of the Director of the President's office.
In the matter of forged documents of the Greek Patriarchy amounting to a sum owed
to the State of approximately $20 million, various documents were examined by the
lab, including the Patriarch's seal, and signatures purportedly belonging to the
Patriarch that were found to be forged. The investigation is yet to be concluded
by the National Fraud Investigation Unit.
A case investigated by the Tel Aviv Central Unit was examined at the lab involving
forged identity cards, car licenses, driving license request forms etc. A large
number of documents, typewriters, typewriter ribbons and handwriting samples were
examined.
Following the discovery of a clandestine printing shop in Jerusalem, 350,000 forged
dollars were received for examination along with identity cards and plaques used
for printing.
In the framework of an exercise by Bank Hapoalim to clear the basement of their
main branch in Tel Aviv of forged banknotes that had as yet not been examined formally
for the past two years, the lab received six suitcases of banknotes for examination.
To date, three suitcases have been examined with a total value of 1.8 million shekels.
During the year, about fifty cases of forged cheques involving high sums were received
for examination. The suspects stole the cheques, forged signatures and stamps and
deposited the cheques in bank accounts. The method of operation was the same in
all these cases. We raised the problem to senior investigators from the south of
the country where most of the cheques were intercepted, and gave them details about
possible suspects from investigative work done by the lab. Although a special investigative
team was formed, it seems to have dissipated without carrying out a proper investigation
or reaching any results. This is a shame as the perpetrators continue merrily on
their way.
The charred remains of a document were received for verification if they were indeed
the remains of an original letter written by Rabbi Nachman of Breslav. This letter
contained the famous saying that is supposed to bring good fortune and blessing
to one who repeats it. No writing was found on the charred remains and we are still
trying to verify information about the paper to see if it matches the burnt fragments.
As a prologue to the last elections, a booklet was received for examination with
the signatures of those supporting Benny Begin for Prime Minister. An initial examination
found that all the signatures were forged. Indictment letters were presented and
one still questionable booklet remained to be examined by the lab.
Several cases were examined where the documents had been forged by modern methods
- i.e. photomontage of stamps and/or signatures by ink jet printers, making them
appear authentic. This type of forgery is expected to increase in the future.
An initial examination was carried out on documents containing Arabic handwriting
by request of the Federal Prosecutor of Tampa Florida and a representative of the
Secret Service. These documents are part of a trial of Hamas activists in the United
States.
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Toolmarks and Materials Laboratory
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Address
Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Investigation Department/ Israel Police Headquarters
Haim Bar-Lev Road
Jerusalem 91906
Israel
Phone numbers:
972-2-5309453 (Head),
972-2-5309452,5309353,5309359,5309287.
Fax number: 972-2-5308688.
E-mail: simanim@netvision.net.il
Head: Chief Superintendent Nadav Levin
The Toolmarks and Materials Laboratory deals with a wide variety of topics, ranging
from the comparison of contact marks, such as tool marks and shoeprints, to the
comparison and identification of trace evidence, such as gunshot residue (GSR) particles,
glass fragments, paint chips and metal shavings. In addition to these, the Laboratory
also conducts examinations for shooting distance estimations, obliterated serial
numbers restorations and examinations of stolen and forged vehicles.
The Laboratory uses sophisticated analytical equipment, such as scanning electron
microscopes, combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy systems (SEM/EDX),
X-ray powder diffraction system (XRD) and a micro beam X-ray fluorescence instrument
(micro-XRF). The Laboratory also employs a comparison microscope, mainly for tool
marks examination, a microspectrophotometer, for the analysis of paint chips and
invisible detection powders, and the GRIM2 system for glass refractive index measurements
of tiny glass fragments. In addition, the Laboratory utilizes chemical methods for
the enhancement and visualization of latent and faint marks and particles, such
as the Bromophenol Blue (BPB) reagent used for shoeprints and the reagents used
for shooting distance estimations.
The Laboratory runs a nation-wide collection of broken cylinder locks, collected
at scenes of crime, and grasping tools, found in the possession of suspects. A collection
of scene-of-crime shoeprints is also maintained at the Laboratory under the SICAR
system. These shoeprints are compared to suspects' shoes submitted routinely to
the Laboratory for examination.
The annual caseload of the Laboratory has increased by about 7% a year in the last
four years, exceeding 890 files in 2000. The main examination topics of the Laboratory,
according to file numbers, are gunshot residue analyses (about 100 cases a year),
shoeprints examinations (more than 250 cases), shooting distance estimations (about
110 cases) and tool marks examinations (about 75 cases annually). More than 50 cases
of forged coins (mainly of 10 NIS coins), having a nominal value higher than 100,000
NIS, were also examined in 2000.
The Laboratory staff counts nine experts in a variety of scientific disciplines.
Apart from casework, the Laboratory staff is also involved in research and development
projects. About ten articles were published by the Laboratory staff in various scientific
leading journals last year.
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Gambling Machines Laboratory
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Address
Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Investigation Department/ Israel Police Headquarters
Haim Bar-Lev Road
Jerusalem 91906
Israel
A laboratory for testing gaming equipment was founded in the D.I.F.S. in 1998. The
Laboratory is responsible for identifying gambling equipment and supplying expert
testimonies to court considering felonies against illegal gaming law.
An illegal game is defined by the law as "a game in which a person can win money
or the worth of money or any goods by the game result, and the result is based more
on chance then on intellectual or manual skills." Law forbids organizing or participating
in such games.
In order to prove that a certain gaming device is gambling machine 3 constituents
must be present in it
There must be in the machine a betting mechanism, which will allow the raising of
various sums of money as depending on the outcome of the game.
The machine must operate a random process, which establishes the game result.
There must be promised prizes for the winners.
The laboratory examines the machines in order to identify these constituents.
The testing is done in police warehouses after the machines are seized, or the laboratory
staff joins the police force to the seizure operation. The latter way of action
is more recommended as the police force can consult the laboratory on a machine
before seizing it.
In the year of 2000, 142 files were opened considering 925 gaming machines.
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Voice Identification Laboratory
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Address
Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Investigation Department/ Israel Police Headquarters
Haim Bar-Lev Road
Jerusalem 91906
Israel
Tel: 02-5309459
Fax: 02-5308688
e-mail: voicelab@vms.huji.ac.il
Lab head: Chief Inspector Sharona Cohen
General
The voice identification lab deals mainly in three topics:
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Identification and comparison of speakers: the method is
based on two levels, audio assessment and by the voice spectrogram.
In order to achieve a comparison, a number of conditions are needed:
The recorded tape.
Specimen of suspect's voice reciting the same text, recorded by the same means (as
far as possible) and by the same channel of communication.
Transcript of the recording.
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Authenticity verification of tapes - most casework in the
past two years is authenticity.
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Clarifying disputed words or sentences - sometimes the lab
is asked to clarify a word or sentence whose meaning is under question by the prosecution
or defense.
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1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
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No. of cases opened
|
37 |
32 |
30 |
23 |
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No. of cases closed
|
20 |
17 |
26 |
7 |
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Cases still open
|
78 |
88 |
99 |
114 |
Cases of note
ZB/19- 21639/99, International Crime Unit the "Nimrodi" file
Comprises 16 tapes under one file number and their authenticity examination, with
the help of the Intelligence/Technology unit lasted almost the entire year. The
file resulted in 16 expert opinions and the tapes were sent on to the RCMP, Canada
for further evaluation. The experts there also wrote expert opinions. The findings
of both labs coincided and resulted in a clear picture regarding the nature of the
recorded tapes.
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.
.
Research and Development
From the beginning of the year 2000, the lab embarked on
a new project of automated speaker identification, collecting basic material on
this topic and learning "MATLAB", compiling a database and trying out and establishing
a sophisticated system for this purpose.
An internal report was written on the techniques employed in the experiments and
their results. Cooperation with an outside expert was also established. Our findings
are similar to those found elsewhere in the world in this field and, at present,
the system can give a quite accurate level of comparison between the voice of a
suspect against one in the lab database - that it to say, if a match has been found
or not.
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Mass Spectrometry and Explosive Analysis
Laboratory
|
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Address
Mass Spectrometry and Explosive Analysis Laboratory
Division of Identification and Forensic Science
Investigation Department/ Israel Police Headquarters
Haim Bar-Lev Road
Jerusalem 91906
Israel
Tel: 972-2-5309545, 972-2-5309434
Fax: 972-2-5309360
Email: analitit@netvision.net.il
Head of laboratory: Chief Superintendent Tsippy Tamiri
General
The mass spectrometry and explosive analysis laboratory performs explosive analysis
in various methods and, in addition, identification of organic materials using mass
spectrometry (MS) in various introduction and ionization methods.
An exhibit may be material suspected to be or contain explosive and also debris
from scene of explosion. Exhibits are usually submitted to the laboratory by bomb
disposal team from explosion cases, hand-swabs from suspects, materials from police
investigation, border-crossings, customs and others.
Materials may be standard explosives or mixtures of improvised explosives, organic
and inorganic compounds. In post-explosion debris we look for unexploded material
which is usually present in small amounts mixed with large amounts of irrelevant
materials such as oily compounds and plasticizers.
Mass spectrometry is used for the identification of organic compounds connected
with police action. Exhibits submitted from the relevant laboratory: dangerous drugs,
poisons, explosives, fire accelerants and unknown compounds. Inorganic anions related
to explosives and poisons may be identified after suitable derivatization.
Lab procedures and activities
Explosive Analysis unit
Procedure for the analysis:
Material is screened using spot tests and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Confirmation
is performed by infra-red (IR), MS, GCTEA (chemiluminescence specific detector).
Post explosion analysis is much more complicated because it is an "unknown" analysis.
Very volatile explosives such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) may be found in vapor
phase of debris. Therefore, gas phase over the debris is analyzed first directly
or by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-7 resin or by solid phase microextraction (SPME)
using PDMS/DVB fiber. Non-destructive methods such as microscopy should then be
applied.
Organic extraction using acetone is performed for the extraction of organic explosives,
mainly military explosives and then aqueous extraction for the extraction of water-soluble
explosives, mainly improvised and industrial materials.
The acetone extract is screened by TLC. Confirmation is performed by GCTEA and or
MS. Water extract is screened by spot tests, IR. Confirmation is performed by GCMS
after suitable derivatization into organic volatile compound.
We also advise to the bomb disposal division in chemical and analytical questions.
MS unit
Three instruments are operated in the laboratory:
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Finnigan TSQ 700 ( from 1993) - Triple quadrupole GC/direct
inlet, EI/CI, positive/negative ionizations modes.
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HP 6890 (from 2000) quadrupole, GC, EI/CI,
| | | | |
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